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The MMPI-3 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3, 2020) is a 335-item true/false broadband personality inventory for adults 18 and older, published by the University of Minnesota Press and distributed by Pearson. Psychologists use it in clinical, forensic, public-safety, and presurgical evaluations to assess emotional, thought, and behavioral dysfunction. This page covers how to write up MMPI-3 results, with a fictional sample and a results-section template.
Clinical, forensic, and police and public safety psychologists; publisher qualification level C
Courts and attorneys, referring physicians and surgeons, employers after conditional offers, disability reviewers, treating clinicians
400 to 800 words for the results section · administration 25 to 50 minutes by format
Broadband self-report personality inventory
Psychological and forensic evaluations, post-offer public-safety screening, presurgical psychological evaluations, disability and fitness-for-duty referrals, treatment planning
Published by the University of Minnesota Press (2020), distributed by Pearson; described here for write-up purposes; no test content reproduced
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3) is a 335-item true/false self-report inventory of personality and psychopathology for adults 18 and older, the 2020 edition in a lineage that runs from the original MMPI (1942) through the MMPI-2 (1989) and the MMPI-2-RF (2008). It was authored by Yossef Ben-Porath and Auke Tellegen, is published by the University of Minnesota Press, and is distributed by Pearson at qualification level C. Its 52 scales sit in a fixed hierarchy: ten validity scales in three families (inconsistent responding, over-reporting, under-reporting), three Higher-Order scales (Emotional/Internalizing, Thought, and Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction), eight Restructured Clinical scales, twenty-six Specific Problems scales, and five PSY-5 personality-pathology scales, with new scales measuring disordered eating, compulsivity, impulsivity, and self-importance. Scores are T scores (mean 50, SD 10) on non-gendered norms from 1,620 adults matched to 2020 US Census projections, joined for the first time by US Spanish-language norms from 550 Spanish speakers. Administration takes about 25 to 35 minutes by computer and 35 to 50 on paper, at a 4.5-grade reading level, on Q-global or Q Local or paper; the MMPI-3 is not a Q-interactive instrument.
The load-bearing fact for write-ups, as of July 2026, is that three MMPIs are legitimately on the market and a report must say which one it used. The publisher's May 2026 update states there are "no plans at this time to discontinue" the MMPI-2 or MMPI-2-RF while calling the MMPI-3 the intended replacement, and reports current adult sales running 73% MMPI-3, 13% MMPI-2-RF, and 14% MMPI-2. The editions are not interchangeable on paper either: the MMPI-3 has no Clinical Scales and no code types, so write-up language built on the MMPI-2's 1-3 or 2-7 profile tradition, or on K-corrected scores, describes an instrument the MMPI-3 is not. Interpretation instead runs through the validity-first hierarchy above, guided by the MMPI-2-RF research base that the publisher's Technical Manual maps onto the new scales (Appendix E). An MMPI-3 profile is evidence, not a verdict: it answers no referral question by itself, and its results section feeds the psychological evaluation report or neuropsychological report that does.
Clinical psychologists administer the MMPI-3 inside psychological evaluations to clarify diagnosis and plan treatment, and neuropsychologists include it in neuropsychological batteries to characterize the emotional and personality context around cognitive findings; Medicare's own billing articles draw the boundary there, describing neuropsychological testing as the assessment that does not rely on self-report inventories like the MMPI. Forensic evaluators use it in criminal, civil, and family matters, where the MMPI family is among the most used and most litigated objective personality measures. Police and public-safety psychologists use it in post-offer screening with the publisher's Police, Correctional, Dispatcher, and Firefighter Candidate reports and setting-specific comparison groups, a use covered in the California POST Peace Officer Psychological Screening Manual. Health psychologists use it in presurgical psychological evaluations, including the spine-surgery and spinal cord stimulator pathway the November 2024 Spinal Procedure Candidate report was built for. It typically enters the chart alongside a psychiatric diagnostic evaluation and cognitive testing such as the WAIS, and it competes for the broadband-inventory slot with the PAI and, when the referral question is DSM personality disorder characterization, the MCMI-IV. Choose the MMPI-3 when the referral needs a broadband, validity-scale-anchored view of emotional, thought, behavioral, and interpersonal dysfunction; pair it with narrowband and performance validity measures rather than asking one inventory to carry the evaluation.
No statute, payer, or publisher mandates a results-section format. The sequence below is the convention the MMPI interpretive literature itself teaches: protocol validity before any substantive statement, findings organized by domain rather than scale by scale, and the computer narrative treated as a licensed input to paraphrase, never a report to paste. Each section carries the pitfall that most often undermines it.
Measures, edition, norms, and administration. Name the instrument and edition (MMPI-3), the language and norm set (English or US Spanish), the platform (Q-global, Q Local, or paper and pencil), the administration modality (in office, or remote via the publisher's On-Screen or Remote On-Screen Administration), and any setting-specific comparison group applied. Pitfall: writing "an MMPI" with no edition. Three MMPIs are on the market as of July 2026 and their scale sets differ; an edition-less score list is ambiguous at re-evaluation and easy to attack on review.
Protocol validity, before anything else. Address the three validity families in order: response consistency (Cannot Say count, CRIN, VRIN, TRIN), then over-reporting (F, Fp, Fs, FBS, RBS), then under-reporting (L, K), and end the paragraph with a plain conclusion about whether the substantive profile is interpretable, fully or with stated limits. Pitfall: validity as an afterthought. A results section that presents substantive elevations first and mentions an elevated infrequency scale later has the logic backwards; if protocol validity is compromised, that finding is the finding.
Substantive findings by domain, not by scale number. Work down the hierarchy the instrument is built on: the three Higher-Order scales set the frame, then somatic/cognitive, emotional-internalizing, thought, behavioral-externalizing, and interpersonal domains, drawing Restructured Clinical, Specific Problems, and PSY-5 scales into the domain they inform. State the elevation convention once (substantive T scores at or above 65 are read as clinically meaningful by convention in the MMPI-3 interpretive literature) and spend the prose on what elevated and what did not. Pitfall: the 52-scale inventory dump. A scale-by-scale recitation in test order documents that scoring occurred; it buries the clinical picture and invites over-interpretation of isolated scores.
Comparison-group context, where one applies. In public-safety, presurgical, and similar settings, say which comparison group the report used and keep the two reference frames separate: T scores describe standing against the normative sample, while comparison-group data describe how candidates or patients in that setting typically respond. Pitfall: reading a guarded screening profile as affirmative evidence of health. Candidate profiles are routinely defensive; the write-up should say what a low-elevation, high-L/K protocol can and cannot support.
The computer narrative, paraphrased and integrated. The Score and Clinical Interpretive Reports are inputs to your reasoning. The interpretive report's own license permits qualified users to excerpt only the minimum text needed to describe its core conclusions in a written evaluation, and the report states it is intended for a professional qualified to interpret the MMPI-3, considered against the test taker's background and circumstances. Paraphrase the narrative into your own case-anchored language, reconcile it with interview and history, and attribute the instrument where you rely on it. Pitfall: pasting canned paragraphs. Verbatim blocks of report output are a copyright problem, an APA Ethics 9.09 problem (the user remains responsible for interpretation), and a tell that reviewers and opposing experts search for.
Interpretive summary against the referral question. State what the MMPI-3 findings suggest as hypotheses, corroborate or bound them with interview, history, records, and other measures, and answer the referral question in the evaluation's integration section rather than from the inventory alone. Pitfall: a verdict from a T score. No T score is a diagnosis or a legal threshold; the MMPI-3 answers no psycholegal or eligibility question directly, and a write-up that lets it reads as advocacy.
Recommendations linkage. Tie each recommendation to a stated finding: treatment targets to the elevated internalizing scales, further assessment to the questions the profile raised but cannot settle, risk and safety planning to the evaluation's risk assessment rather than to the inventory. Pitfall: recommendations that could follow any profile. If the recommendation list would read the same with different scores, the linkage is missing.
MEASURES AND ADMINISTRATION Instrument/edition: MMPI-3 Language/norms: [English / US Spanish] Platform: [Q-global / Q Local / paper] Modality: [in office / remote OSA-ROSA, documented] Comparison group: [none / named] PROTOCOL VALIDITY (before any substantive statement) Consistency: [CNS count; CRIN/VRIN/TRIN within limits or not] Over-reporting: [F-family, FBS, RBS findings in prose] Under-reporting: [L, K findings in prose] Conclusion: [profile interpretable / interpretable with stated limits / not interpretable, and what that means here] SUBSTANTIVE FINDINGS BY DOMAIN (state T>=65 convention once) Higher-Order frame: [EID / THD / BXD pattern in one sentence] Somatic/cognitive: [elevations and meaning, or "unremarkable"] Emotional-internalizing: [RC and SP scales woven into prose] Thought dysfunction: [same] Behavioral-externalizing: [same] Interpersonal: [same; PSY-5 where they add trait context] COMPARISON-GROUP CONTEXT (if applied) [Group used; what candidate/patient norms add; frames kept apart] INTERPRETIVE NARRATIVE INTEGRATION [Computer report paraphrased, minimum-necessary excerpts only, reconciled with interview, history, records, other measures] INTERPRETIVE SUMMARY (answer the referral question) [Hypotheses the profile supports; what it cannot establish; convergence or divergence with the rest of the evaluation] RECOMMENDATIONS LINKAGE [Each recommendation tied to a stated finding] Evaluator signature / credentials: Date:
Free to use and share, no signup. The PDF includes a one-page cheat sheet with section-by-section pitfalls and a pre-sign checklist; the DOCX is the blank results-section skeleton, ready to adapt.
Scenario: a 34-year-old project manager, referred by her psychiatrist for psychological evaluation to clarify diagnosis and guide psychotherapy planning after a partial medication response for depressed mood and worry. The protocol is valid and cooperative with focal internalizing elevations, the treatment-planning shape where the write-up's job is to turn scale findings into corroborated therapy targets. This is the MMPI-3 results section only, condensed but structurally complete. All details are fictional.
Client: A.V., 34 · Referral: diagnostic clarification and psychotherapy planning, referred by treating psychiatrist · Evaluator: S. Whitfield, PhD, Licensed Psychologist · Testing date: 07/09/2026 · Report date: 07/17/2026
Measures and administration: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3, English) was administered in the office on Q-global as part of a psychological evaluation that also included a diagnostic interview, symptom rating scales, and record review, reported in their own sections. Scores are T scores (mean 50, SD 10) against the MMPI-3 normative sample on its non-gendered norms; no setting-specific comparison group was applied. By convention in the MMPI-3 interpretive literature, substantive-scale T scores at or above 65 are described below as clinically meaningful elevations. The interpretive report was reviewed and its findings are paraphrased and integrated here with interview and history rather than quoted.
Protocol validity: A.V. answered every item. Response consistency was within acceptable limits (CRIN, VRIN, and TRIN all unelevated), and there was no indication of over-reporting on the infrequency or symptom-validity scales (F, Fp, Fs, FBS, RBS) or of a guarded, virtue-claiming presentation (L, K). The substantive profile is interpretable without qualification, and its moderate, focal pattern of elevations is itself consistent with an open, accurate self-description.
| Scale (family) | Fictional T score |
|---|---|
| Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction, EID (Higher-Order) | 72 |
| Thought Dysfunction, THD (Higher-Order) | 42 |
| Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction, BXD (Higher-Order) | 44 |
| Demoralization, RCd (Restructured Clinical) | 74 |
| Low Positive Emotions, RC2 (Restructured Clinical) | 68 |
| Dysfunctional Negative Emotions, RC7 (Restructured Clinical) | 71 |
| Self-Doubt, SFD (Specific Problems) | 70 |
| Inefficacy, NFC (Specific Problems) | 66 |
| Worry, WRY (Specific Problems) | 68 |
| Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism, NEGE (PSY-5) | 69 |
| Introversion/Low Positive Emotionality, INTR (PSY-5) | 63 |
Substantive findings: The Higher-Order pattern frames the profile: emotional-internalizing dysfunction is prominently elevated (EID 72) while the thought-dysfunction (THD 42) and behavioral-externalizing (BXD 44) domains are unremarkable, and the somatic/cognitive Specific Problems scales were likewise unelevated. Within the internalizing domain, A.V. reports pervasive demoralization (RCd 74), a marked loss of positive emotional experience and engagement (RC2 68), and high negative emotionality (RC7 71) that the Specific Problems scales localize as self-doubt (SFD 70), perceived inefficacy (NFC 66), and worry (WRY 68). The PSY-5 trait context matches: negative emotionality is elevated (NEGE 69) and introversion/low positive emotionality approaches but does not reach the elevation convention (INTR 63). Scales bearing on suicidal ideation were not elevated; risk was separately assessed by interview and is addressed in the risk section of this evaluation. Functionally, this is the self-report of a person who feels overwhelmed and ineffective, doubts her own judgment, worries persistently, and has lost access to pleasure and initiative, while thinking clearly and maintaining behavioral control.
Integration and interpretive summary: The MMPI-3 findings converge with the diagnostic interview, the treating psychiatrist's observations, and A.V.'s elevated depression and worry ratings on the brief symptom measures reported elsewhere in this evaluation. Taken together, the pattern supports the working diagnostic impression of a moderate depressive episode with prominent generalized worry documented in the diagnostic section, and it argues against thought-disorder and externalizing explanations for her current difficulties. The profile generates hypotheses rather than verdicts: the demoralization and inefficacy findings suggest the depressive picture is amplified by a collapsing sense of agency at work, which the interview corroborated.
Recommendations linkage: The elevated demoralization, low positive emotions, and self-doubt findings support a course of psychotherapy targeting behavioral activation and cognitive work on self-evaluative themes, coordinated with ongoing medication management; the worry findings support adding structured worry-management strategies. Re-administration of brief symptom measures is recommended to track response, with MMPI-3 retesting reserved for a genuinely new diagnostic question rather than routine monitoring. These recommendations follow from the scale findings above and from the corroborating interview and history, not from the inventory alone.
This sample is fictional and for educational purposes. It does not describe a real client or record, and the scores are invented for illustration and correspond to no real person or record.
Writing these after every session? BastionGPT drafts complete notes from bullets, dictation, or a transcript.
Generate a note from bulletsThe decision contexts around the MMPI-3 mix law, agency policy, and convention, and the write-up should signal which is which. LAW (US employment): in Karraker v. Rent-A-Center, 411 F.3d 831 (7th Cir. 2005), the court held the MMPI is a medical examination under the ADA because it is "designed, at least in part, to reveal mental illness," so under EEOC guidance it belongs after a conditional offer, applied uniformly to entering employees in the job category. AGENCY POLICY: the FAA's Office of Aerospace Medicine still requires the MMPI-2 for pilots and air traffic control specialists and states the MMPI-2-RF and MMPI-3 "are not acceptable substitutes," while the test's authors answer that the FAA is an outlier among federal and public-safety agencies (their response, hosted by the publisher, discloses their financial interest); the California POST screening manual (revised February 2024) covers the MMPI-3 among its reviewed instruments as CONVENTION, not statute. PAYER POLICY (US): the professional work is billed under 96130/96131 with administration and scoring under 96136/96137, or 96138/96139 when a technician administers; Medicare contractor billing articles A57481 and A57780 govern documentation, and A57780 draws the psychological-versus-neuropsychological boundary by noting neuropsychological testing does not rely on self-report inventories like the MMPI. All six testing codes appear on the CMS List of Medicare Telehealth Services for CY 2026; remote administration itself runs through the publisher's Q-global On-Screen or Remote On-Screen pathways per Pearson's telepractice guidance, with the modality documented in the report (see the telehealth documentation page for the wider telehealth rules). Outside the US the funding frame changes: Australia's Better Access items (80000 to 80165) rebate psychological therapy services, and an MBS search returns no item for personality-inventory administration, so MMPI-3 assessment is typically privately, insurer, or medico-legally funded even though the publisher sells Australia and New Zealand community comparison groups (2022 manual supplement); Canadian practice likewise runs through provincial, insurer, employer, and medico-legal channels rather than a national fee schedule.
Edition and qualification questions decide defensibility more often than any scoring detail. Three MMPIs remain on sale, and the publisher's May 2026 update pairs "no plans at this time to discontinue" with a clear statement that the MMPI-3 is the intended replacement, backed by current adult sales of 73% MMPI-3, 13% MMPI-2-RF, and 14% MMPI-2. The practical rule: choose the edition per the referral question, name it with its norms, and be ready to state the reason during the transition. The MMPI-3 brings the current, census-matched, non-gendered norms and the first US Spanish norms; the MMPI-2-RF carries the deeper independent research base and longer-established forensic comparison groups; the MMPI-2 remains the mandated instrument in the FAA's aerospace lane and the anchor of decades of case law. Cross-edition score comparisons are different measurements, not the same ruler, and the publisher's Appendix E correlate mapping is the stated bridge from MMPI-2-RF research to MMPI-3 interpretation, so cite it as the interpretation guide rather than treating the editions as interchangeable. Purchase and use sit at Pearson qualification level C, which is why the write-up names a qualified interpreter, and the interpretive report's license permits excerpting only the minimum text necessary for your core conclusions, which is why the narrative is paraphrased. Retention of the protocol and report follows the record-set rules on the psychological evaluation report page; raw item responses stay in the test file under APA Ethics 9.11 test security rather than in the released report.
MMPI and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory are registered trademarks, and MMPI-3 and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 are trademarks, of the Regents of the University of Minnesota. BastionGPT is not affiliated with, or endorsed by, the University of Minnesota Press or Pearson. This page reproduces no test items, stimuli, norms, or scoring materials.
There is no payer audit series for personality-test write-ups; the accountability pressure here comes from courts, opposing experts, licensing boards, and the publisher's own license terms, and it is well documented. In the largest study of psychological assessment evidence in court, Neal and colleagues (2019) found admissibility challenges were rare, raised against only 5.1% of assessment evidence, succeeding about a third of the time, which means the practical scrutiny falls on the written report itself. The MMPI-3 is independently reviewed in the Buros Center's Twenty-Second Mental Measurements Yearbook, its validity scales carry strong published feigning-detection evidence (Fp reached an effect size of g = 1.29 in the first peer-reviewed MMPI-3 over-reporting study), and its interpretive report prints a license limiting excerpts to "the minimum text necessary to accurately describe their significant core conclusions." The BastionGPT Clinical Advisory Board sees the same errors most often in MMPI-3 write-up reviews:
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MMPI-3 scales are reported as T scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, scored against a single set of non-gendered norms: 1,620 US adults selected to match 2020 Census projections, with separate US Spanish-language norms from 550 Spanish speakers. By convention in the MMPI-3 interpretive literature, substantive-scale T scores at or above 65 are described as clinically meaningful elevations; that is an interpretive convention, not a diagnostic or legal cutoff. No score means anything until the validity scales say the protocol is interpretable: consistency first (CNS, CRIN, VRIN, TRIN), then over-reporting (F, Fp, Fs, FBS, RBS), then under-reporting (L, K). An elevation is a hypothesis about how the person described themselves, to be corroborated with interview, history, and other measures.
All three are on the market as of July 2026, and the choice is defensible either way if you can state your reason. The publisher's May 2026 update says there are "no plans at this time to discontinue" the older editions while calling the MMPI-3 the intended replacement, and reports adult sales running 73% MMPI-3, 13% MMPI-2-RF, 14% MMPI-2. The MMPI-3 brings current census-matched norms and the first US Spanish norms; the MMPI-2-RF carries the deeper independent research base and longer-established forensic comparison groups; and one agency lane is mandated: the FAA requires the MMPI-2 for pilots and air traffic controllers and rejects both newer versions, a position the test's authors have publicly answered as an outlier. Name the edition and norms in every report, and treat cross-edition comparisons as different measurements.
Very little, and the boundary is printed on the report itself. The MMPI-3 Clinical Interpretive Report is copyrighted, states it is intended for a professional qualified to interpret the MMPI-3, and licenses qualified users to excerpt only "the minimum text necessary to accurately describe their significant core conclusions" in a written evaluation. Ethically the answer is the same: APA Standard 9.09 leaves interpretation your responsibility even when software generated the narrative, and the foundational review of computer-based interpretation called such reports "adjuncts to, rather than substitutes for, clinical judgment" (Butcher, Perry & Atlis, 2000). Paraphrase the narrative into case-anchored language, reconcile it with interview and history, attribute the instrument, and keep verbatim use to that licensed minimum.
No law names the MMPI-3 as required for any evaluation; requirements live in the ordering framework, not the instrument. What the law does regulate is timing: in Karraker v. Rent-A-Center (7th Cir. 2005) the MMPI was held a medical examination under the ADA because it is "designed, at least in part, to reveal mental illness," so under EEOC guidance it may be given only after a conditional offer. Agency policy then varies: the California POST screening manual covers the MMPI-3 among accepted instruments for peace-officer screening, many agencies choose it by convention, and the FAA mandates the MMPI-2 instead for its own aviation evaluations. Document what your jurisdiction and agency actually require, and state the post-offer posture in employment reports.
Yes, through the publisher's own pathways: Pearson's telepractice guidance delivers the MMPI-3 by Q-global On-Screen Administration (OSA), Remote On-Screen Administration (ROSA), or Q-global Video Proctoring, and its guidance makes documentation of the procedures a professional responsibility, so the report should name the modality and conditions. The practice literature to cite is Corey and Ben-Porath (2020) on remote MMPI administration. On the payer side, the psychological testing codes (96130, 96131, 96136, 96137, 96138, 96139) all appear on the CMS List of Medicare Telehealth Services for CY 2026; the wider telehealth billing rules live on the telehealth documentation page. The MMPI-3 is not a Q-interactive instrument, so an iPad-app administration claim is a red flag in any report.
All three are defensible broadband inventories; the referral question picks. The PAI is the MMPI-3's main competitor with a different design (4-point ratings rather than true/false, its own validity architecture) and its own strong symptom-validity research; the MCMI-IV is built for DSM personality-disorder characterization, so it leads when that is the referral question. The MMPI family remains the most used objective personality measure in forensic work: in Neal and Grisso's international survey it appeared in 15.2% of 868 forensic evaluations, against 9.6% for the PAI (Neal & Grisso, 2014), and courts admit properly used MMPI-family testimony under Daubert and Frye, with the MMPI-3's legal-settings literature now published (Ben-Porath, Heilbrun & Rizzo, 2022). Whichever you choose, pair the broadband inventory with narrowband and performance validity measures inside the full evaluation.
The items are protected test materials, so this page, and any competent report, reproduces none of them. Access is restricted to qualified professionals at Pearson qualification level C, psychologists are bound to maintain test security under APA Ethics Standard 9.11 and publisher agreements, and item exposure damages the instrument for everyone tested after. What can be said: there are 335 true/false statements at about a 4.5-grade reading level, taking 25 to 35 minutes by computer, and the validity scales are specifically built to detect coached, exaggerated, or minimized responding, with published detection effect sizes above g = 1.0 for the infrequency scales (Reeves, Brown & Sellbom, 2022). The honest preparation is the one the instrument is designed for: answer candidly. Reports carry scores and interpretation, never item content, and raw responses stay in the test file.
In the US, the professional evaluation work (integrating data, interpretation, report, feedback) bills under 96130 for the first hour and 96131 for each added hour; administration and scoring bill under 96136/96137 when the professional does it and 96138/96139 when a technician does. Medicare contractor billing articles A57481 and A57780 carry the documentation rules, and A57780 also draws the boundary that matters for code choice: neuropsychological testing is defined by cognitive assessment, not by self-report inventories like the MMPI, so an MMPI-3 inside a neuropsych battery is still psychological-testing work. In Australia there is no MBS item for personality-inventory administration (Better Access items 80000 to 80165 rebate therapy services), and Canadian funding runs through provincial, insurer, employer, and medico-legal channels, so assessment there is typically quoted privately.
Yes. Paste your scale summary (validity findings, elevated scales with T scores, the comparison group if any) and it drafts the results-section narrative for your review: validity first, findings organized by domain rather than scale number, the elevation convention stated once, and the interpretive-report material paraphrased rather than pasted. It can also cross-check a finished draft for score-versus-narrative mismatches and MMPI-2-era vocabulary, and produce a plain-language summary for the referral source or client. BastionGPT is HIPAA-compliant with a signed BAA on every plan, and data is never used to train models.
The instrument facts and compliance claims on this page trace to these sources, last verified July 2026:
Educational content, not legal or billing advice. Sample notes are fictional. Follow your organization's policies and your board, payer, and jurisdiction requirements.